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Observation studies suggest that coffee consumption may lower the risk and delay the age-at-onset (AAO) of Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to explore the causal relationship and genetic association between coffee consumption and the AAO, risk, and progression of PD. Using Mendelian randomization, we identified a significant association between coffee consumption and delayed PD AAO (IVW: OR, 1.91; 95% CI 1.53-2.38; p = 8.072e-09), but no causal association or genetic correlation with PD risk or progression. Our findings suggest a potential causal effect of higher coffee consumption on PD AAO, with no evidence of an association with PD risk or progression.
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