Smartphone applications for Movement Disorders: Towards collaboration and re-use.

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BackgroundNumerous smartphone and tablet applications (apps) are available to monitor movement disorders, but an overview of their purpose and stage of development is missing.ObjectivesTo systematically review published literature and classify smartphone and tablet apps with objective measurement capabilities for the diagnosis, monitoring, assessment, or treatment of movement disorders.MethodsWe systematically searched for publications covering smartphone or tablet apps to monitor movement disorders until November 22nd, 2023. We reviewed the target population, measured domains, purpose, and technology readiness level (TRL) of the proposed app and checked their availability in common app stores.ResultsWe identified 113 apps. Most apps were developed for Parkinson's disease specifically (n = 82; 73%) or for movement disorders in general (n = 17; 15%). Apps were either designed to momentarily assess symptoms (n = 65; 58%), support treatment (n = 22; 19%), aid in diagnosis (n = 16; 14%), or passively track symptoms (n = 11; 10%). Commonly assessed domains across movement disorders included fine motor skills (n = 34; 30%), gait (n = 36; 32%), and tremor (n = 32; 28%) for the motor domain and cognition (n = 16; 14%) for the non-motor domain. Twenty-six (23%) apps were proof-of-concepts (TRL 1-3), while most apps were tested in a controlled setting (TRL 4-6; n = 63; 56%). Twenty-four apps were tested in their target setting (TRL 7-9) of which 10 were accessible in common app stores or as Android Package.ConclusionsThe development of apps strongly gravitates towards Parkinson's disease and a selection of motor symptoms. Collaboration, re-use and further development of existing apps is encouraged to avoid reinventions of the wheel.

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