NeuralCipher Research overview
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Clinicopathological studies and the effectiveness of dopaminergic replacement therapy establish that dopamine loss is the key pathology causing motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. The dopamine neurons that are impaired in Parkinson's disease reside in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the midbrain. These neurons project into the striatum, where dopamine axons bifurcate repeatedly and form dense axon networks (the striatum is separated into the caudate nucleus and putamen by the internal capsule). Midbrain dopamine neurons also innervate many other areas of the brain, including the cerebral cortex. Therefore, there are preclinical and clinical studies investigating extrastriatal dopamine mechanisms in motor control and Parkinson's disease pathophysiology and treatment. While extrastriatal dopamine can contribute, this contribution needs to be compared with the contribution of the striatal dopamine system. An isolated view of the extrastriatal dopamine system is like examining only the ear of an elephant and may lead to distorted assessments for preclinical and clinical research and diagnostic work. Thus, photographs of the whole brain dopamine system are important. For these reasons, we photographed the dopamine systems in whole mouse brain sagittal sections, showing clearly that, under identical imaging conditions, dopamine innervation is highly concentrated and intense in the striatum but sparse and weak in the cerebral cortex.
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