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Isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD) is an early-stage synucleinopathy characterized by brainstem pathology. In rodents, the pontine tegmentum contains a REM sleep centre, the sublaterodorsal nucleus, which expresses corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein (CRHBP). While the involvement of brainstem pathophysiology is thus implicated in iRBD, its solid evidence remains scarce in humans due to the difficulty in identifying small brainstem nuclei with conventional MRI technology alone. Here, we aimed to detect tegmental atrophy in iRBD with voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis combined with a novel human brainstem atlas. Structural MRIs from 98 patients with iRBD and 114 controls were analysed to investigate grey matter volume using VBM. Our unique approach involved detailed assessments of the VBM results, guided by a high-resolution MRI-based atlas of the human brainstem. This brainstem atlas was founded on ex vivo MRI of 10 post-mortem human specimens. We validated it with CRHBP immunostaining, which aided in identifying putative REM sleep-regulating nuclei in humans. We applied this brainstem atlas to identify atrophy in specific brainstem regions in iRBD and correlate their volumes with clinical and polysomnographic measures. Voxel-based morphometry revealed a focal cluster of grey matter atrophy in the dorsal pontine tegmentum of iRBD patients, including the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, ventral part (LDTgV) and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PTg). Our atlas-based analysis confirmed the LDTgV as the site of most conspicuous atrophy, revealing a significant volume reduction in iRBD patients compared with controls with a moderate effect size (Cohen's d = 0.44, Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.019). Furthermore, greater atrophy in the LDTgV and the PTg was associated with more severe autonomic dysfunction as measured by Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Autonomic dysfunction scores (partial r = -0.237, P = 0.021 and partial r = -0.236, P = 0.021, respectively). In 23 patients from whom quantitative polysomnographic data were available, LDTgV atrophy was correlated with the percentage ratio of REM sleep without atonia (partial r = -0.491, P = 0.028). Histological analysis confirmed that the LDTgV is selectively enriched with CRHBP-positive neurons, a putative marker for REM sleep-on neurons. We provided novel evidence for the involvement of LDTgV, the putative human homologue of the murine sublaterodorsal nucleus, in iRBD. The present findings advance our understanding of the neuroanatomical basis of iRBD and will contribute to the development of early biomarkers for α-synucleinopathies.
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